Background: Prior studies have found Black and Hispanic patients are more likely to experience disparities in pain management. Fewer studies have evaluated pain control based on age, sex, body mass index (BMI), or presence of a substance use disorder (SUD). While factors influencing management of acute pain are complex, striving for adequate pain control remains [...]

Background: Oxygen saturation (SpO2) is often overestimated in darker skinned individuals (1–3), but the ideal method to quantify this phenomenon and measure its impact on clinical outcomes is unclear. Studying the distributions of SpO2 may not be the appropriate method because these distributions are influenced by clinicians’ real time efforts to maintain SpO2 in a [...]