Case Presentation: A 51-year-old female presenting with increasing epigastric pain radiating to her back, nausea, and vomiting for five days. Her past medical history is relevant for coronary artery disease and CABG, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, prior tobacco use, and mood disorder. She had visited her primary care doctor the day prior to presentation with labs revealing a lipase of 235. On arrival to the emergency room she was afebrile, blood pressure 128/80, heart rate of 83, and oxygen saturation of 99% on room air. Her labs were notable for WBC of 14.8, normal liver enzymes, normal triglycerides, and lipase had increased to greater than 2000. Further history revealed her diabetes was previously managed with metformin and glipizide; however, two months ago glipizide was discontinued due to hypoglycemia, and she was started on empagliflozin. She denied alcohol use and was not taking other substances associated with medication induced pancreatitis. A right upper quadrant ultrasound was performed and did not visualize gallstones but showed possible dilated bile ducts and MRCP was recommended. MRCP, however, did not reveal gallstones or biliary duct abnormalities and was read as normal. Oral diabetic agents were discontinued on admission and she was managed with a weight-based insulin regimen. Volume resuscitation with lactated ringers was initiated, and within 24 hours she was pain-free. She was discharged home with instructions to stop empagliflozin and follow up with her primary care doctor for further medication adjustments. After discontinuation of empagliflozin she has not had any recurrent episodes of abdominal pain.
Discussion: Pancreatitis is a common diagnosis requiring admission to the hospital. By far the most common cause of pancreatitis is obstructing gallstones followed by alcohol use. Drug induced pancreatitis is rare, but must be considered. Although pancreatitis is a known side effect of some diabetic medications (e.g. gliptins), it has not been described well among sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. SGLT2 inhibitors have been increasingly used as a treatment for diabetes since they were approved by the FDA in 2013. The medications in this class include canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin. Although extremely rare, there have been reported cases of pancreatitis with all three medications. Pancreatitis is not listed as a side effect in the medication packaging; however, the FDA is currently investigating a link between SGLT2 inhibitors and pancreatitis. Further studies will need to be done to determine mechanism causing pancreatic inflammation, possible underlying predisposing conditions, and relationship of time course to developing pancreatitis after starting an SLT2 inhibitor.
Conclusions: Drug induced pancreatitis is a potentially fatal condition that must be recognized quickly, and offending agents stopped early in the course to decrease the likelihood of decompensation. This is usually a diagnosis of exclusion as there is no lab test or imaging to confirm the diagnosis. With the recent publication of a study suggesting benefit of dapagliflozin in patients on with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, prescribing frequency is likely to increase and the incidence of SGLT2 inhibitor induced pancreatitis could increase dramatically. Physicians must be aware of this side effect of SGLT2 inhibitors in both inpatient and outpatient settings in order to triage the patient appropriately and discontinue the offending agent.