Background: Hospital capacity constraints remain an immense concern throughout the US and has been recognized as a national crisis for greater than a decade. ER overcrowding is of particular concern due to its downstream effects. It occurs when admitted patients are boarded in the emergency room for greater than 2 hours, while inpatient beds become [...]

Background: There are approximately 500,000 episodes of alcohol withdrawal that require pharmacologic treatment yearly. Lorazepam is commonly used due to its high therapeutic to-toxic effect index and its status as historically being the usual treatment. Phenobarbital is another common drug used to treat alcohol withdrawal. Patients with heavy alcohol use may become resistant to some [...]