Background: With the dramatic increase in the usage of opioids for not only inpatient but also outpatient pain management, a potential increase in opioid-related deaths had led to a national concern regarding opioid usage. The World Health Organization analgesic ladder estimates 90% of the global population will use opioids at least once in their life, […]

Case Presentation: A 56-year-old man with active polysubstance use disorder including daily intranasal heroin and cocaine use and previous abdominal surgery was admitted with a week of abdominal pain and constipation. His last bowel movement was one week prior to admission, though he did report ongoing flatus without nausea or vomiting. The abdomen was diffusely […]