Background: Acute decompensated heart failure exacerbation is the leading cause of hospitalization in the United States. It was associated with total medical costs of more than $30 billion in 2012 with projections estimating around $70 billion in costs by 2030. Currently, six million people in the U.S. have heart failure, with a little over half […]

Case Presentation: The case begins with a 71-year-old female named MB. She initially presented with two weeks of worsening back pain, falls, and renal insufficiency. The pain itself radiated from her mid epigastrium to her back. The patient had a past medical history of COPD, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. […]