Background: Race and racism are social determinants of health resulting in marginalized groups often experiencing worse health outcomes. These racial differences are often due to physician bias as well as biased processes. To mitigate this, it is recommended that clinicians avoid reifying racial differences as biological differences. This study describes the use of racial identifiers [...]

Background: Anti-Black racism is embedded in American healthcare, (1) with roots in the structure and curriculum of medical education. (2) Dismantling racism in health care demands that medical education promote racial justice at all levels, from pre-clinical curriculum to clinical training and beyond. (3) However, there are significant barriers to teaching anti-racism content in the [...]

Background: Anti-racism education is increasing across academic institutions; however, physicians have varied levels of skill addressing racist microaggressions. Microresistance Communication Tools (MCTs) are frameworks developed to respond to microaggressions and are common devices used in microaggression trainings. Prior studies evaluating MCT trainings primarily measured change in confidence but rarely objectively assessed ability to apply these [...]

Background: Discrimination is rampant in our society and remains a persistent topic given our current political climate. A meta-analysis in 2011 documenting discrimination amongst all levels of health care providers showed a prevalence of verbal abuse of 63%, gender discrimination 54%, and racial discrimination 24%. The purpose of our study is to identify the magnitude [...]

Background: Security emergency responses (SERs) are utilized by hospitals to ensure the safety of patients and staff but can cause unintended morbidity. The presence of racial inequities in SER utilization has not been clearly elucidated. We sought to determine whether Black and Latinx patients experience higher rates of SER and physical restraints than white patients [...]

Background: The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) established a core competency that requires residents to demonstrate respect and responsiveness to diverse patient populations (1). While the importance of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in graduate medical education (GME) is recognized, establishing an effective curriculum to address these issues is challenging. In pre-survey data [...]

Background: Inequitable healthcare is delivered to those who are incarcerated and have a history of incarceration. Incarceration has a significant multiplicative impact on the health of those who experience it – worsening outcomes related to chronic illness and shortening life expectancy. Hospital based providers tend to interact sporadically with individuals who are incarcerated, limiting the [...]