Background: More than two million people are evaluated for syncope each year in the United States, and approximately 30-40% of these patients are hospitalized for further costly investigation. Total annual cost of syncope related hospital evaluation is estimated to be over 2 billion dollars. The most common cause of syncope is reflex mediated. It does [...]

Background: Syncope is usually an isolated occurrence in younger patients whereas it is multi factorial with many predisposing factors in the elderly. Medication use, co-morbidities and functional decline further complicate syncope evaluation in the elderly. Hence, elderly patients presenting with syncope must be risk stratified uniquely. San Francisco Syncope Rule (SFSR) and Evaluation of Guidelines [...]